The rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder produce a high tensile force, and help to pull the head of the humerus into the glenoid cavity. The ball is the top, rounded part of the humerus, and the socket is the bowlshaped part of the scapula, called the glenoid, into which the ball fits. The shoulder joint, thus far described, is seen to be a very unstable structure. The video on the left is a perfect presentation of the shoulder anatomy. It has the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body. Unfortunately, that anatomy can also allow the shoulder to become unstable or vulnerable to injury because the ball of the upper arm is larger than the shoulder socket that holds it. The shoulder complex, composed of the clavicle, scapula, and humerus, is an intricately designed combination of four joints, the glenohumeral gh joint, the acromioclavicular ac joint and the sternoclavicular sc joint, and a floating joint, known as the scapulothoracic st joint. This joint allows free movement of the arm so that it can rotate in a circular fashion. Anatomy of the human shoulder joint verywell health. The area where the humerus upper arm bone fits into the scapula shoulder blade forms the shoulder joint. However, the elbow joint is also a rotary joint that allows the lower arm to turn outward.
The sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, scapulothoracic, and glenohumeral joints compose a system of interdependent joints that serve a preeminent role in the function of the upper extremity. Generally, applied arthrokinematics im plies that the clinician needs to know the anatomy of a specific joint in order to understand the precise movement expected at that. Often separated into a clavicular and sternal portion. The shoulder is made up of two joints, the acromioclavicular joint and the glenohumeral joint. In shoulder replacement surgery, the artificial shoulder joint can have either two or three parts, depending on the type of surgery required. The only skeletal connection of upper limb to trunk is claviclescapula. Normal function of the shoulder joint complex requires the precise synchronization of four distinct articulations. Stretching the muscles that you strengthen is important for restoring range of motion and preventing injury. This will be followed by a description of stepbystep us technique that can be effective in evaluating the shoulder. The glenohumeral joint, or shoulder joint, is a ballandsocket type joint. Primary care sports medicine fellow steadman hawkins clinic of the carolinas. However a series of complex ligaments and muscle keep it in joint. The glenohumeral joint, also known as the shoulder joint, is a ballandsocket joint that connects the upper arm to the shoulder blade.
Anatomy of the shoulder arlington orthopedics associates. Since this movement takes place between the upper arm humerus and the cubitus ulna, we speak of the socalled humeralulnar joint. The shoulder ap view is a standard projection that makes up the two view shoulder series. This can happen as a result of a sudden injury or from overuse. He or she will observe your shoulder range of motion and strength. Pdf anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, shoulder muscles. Orthopaedic manual physical therapy of the shoulder joint. This joint allows the arm to move in a circular rotation as. Taking care of your shoulder american academy of orthopaedic surgeons.
Bony anatomy, including the humerus, scapula, and clavicle, is described. The head of the humerus is much larger than the glenoid cavity, and the joint capsule, though strong, is very lax. The glenohumeral joint is where the ball humeral head and the socket the glenoid meet. Lt col jerman the anatomy of the shoulder allows it to have the greatest flexibility and range of motion of any joint in the body.
Septic arthritis of the shoulder joint is a rare condition, accounting for up to 3% of all joint infections 1. The projection demonstrates the shoulder in its natural anatomical position allowing for adequate radiographic examination of the entire clavicle and scapula, as well as the glenohumeral, acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints of the shoulder girdle. Glenohumeral joint anatomy, stabilizer, and biomechanics. All shoulder joint muscles are innervated from the brachial plexus. Pdf the shoulder joint glenohumeral joint is a ball and socket joint. Nov 28, 2012 this video produced by students at oxford university medical school in conjunction with the faculty demonstrates how to perform an orthopaedic examination of the shoulder joint. Pdf functional anatomy of the shoulder researchgate. The shoulder is absolutely essential for the movement of the upper part of your body and every possible injury should be examined by an orthopedic shoulder doctor. The humeral component metal is implanted in the humerus. Bobby masocol md primary care sports medicine fellow. Shoulder humerus scapula clavicle sternum rotator cuff brachial plexus glenohumeral joint anatomy surgery. Mar 18, 20 anatomy of shoulder joint vamshi kiran 1. The scapulothoracic joint is the physiological, or func tional, joint between the underside of the scapula and the dorsal thoracic wall.
Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, glenohumeral joint ncbi. Shoulder joint glenohumeral joint 3d anatomy tutorial. The most common cause of shoulder dislocation is a fall on an outstretched arm. The humeral head component metal replaces the humeral head at. Anterior shoulder instability is the major cause of dislocations. Your doctor may order specific tests to help identify the cause of your pain and any other problems. Thousands of new, highquality pictures added every day. Crosses the joint on the anterior surface from medial to lateral.
The first step to developing a comprehensive shoulder us examination is a thorough understanding of the anatomy. Shoulder instability occurs when the head of the upper arm bone is forced out of the shoulder socket. A patients guide to shoulder anatomy compliments of. The joint is sensitive to pain, pressure, excessive traction, and distension. While the joint capsule itself is a contiguous supportive structure. Pdf movements of the human shoulder represent the result of a complex dynamic. Shoulder orthopaedic tests shoulder palpation anterior aspect clavicle and sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints descriptive anatomy the clavicle is slightly anterior and inferior to the top of the shoulder. Supraspinatus supporting the shoulder joint infraspinatus supporting the shoulder joint subscapularis front of shoulder biceps front of upper arm triceps back of upper arm length of program. As the articular surface wears, friction within the joint increases, causing progressive loss of the normal loadbearing surfaces with pain and disability. The shoulder is a synovial articulation between the glenoid and the humeral head in which the shallow glenoid articulation is deepened an additional 50% by the fibrocartilaginous labrum that forms a rim around the perimeter of the glenoid. The shoulder joint is formed where the humerus upper arm.
Both the glenoid and the humeral head are covered by a layer of hyaline articular cartilage. For example, the joint surfaces of the glenohumeral joint consist of a large sphericallike humeral head and a reciprocally curved, but pearshaped, shal low glenoid fossa. The glenohumeral joint is structurally a ballandsocket joint and functionally is. The joint capsules of both the sternoclavicular and the acromioclavicular joints are reinforced by several ligaments. To allow such a wide range of movement, shoulder joints need to be able to move freely. These bursae allow the structures of the shoulder joint to slide easily over one another. The glenohumeral, or shoulder, joint is a synovial joint that attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton. The co ordinated activity of numerous muscles working together in patterns is necessary to achieve this. The glenoid cavity is shallow and contains the glenoid labrum which deepens it and aids in stability. Shoulder dislocations can be partial, with the ball of the upper arm coming just partially out of the socket. Introduction shoulder joint is formed by scapula and clavicle which is also called as shoulder girdleand proximal humerus. Department of orthopaedic surgery, university of kentucky school of medicine.
The central bony structure of the shoulder is the scapula. These pictures will show any injuries to the bones that make up your shoulder joint. The humerus is a long bone that forms the articulations of the glenohumeral joint proximally with the scapula, and the humeral ulnar joint and humeral radial joint. Glenohumeral joint anatomy, stabilizer, and biomechanics ft. Shoulder complex anatomy osseous elements the shoulder complex includes the articulations of the humerus, the clavicle, the scapula, and the posterior surface of the ribs.
Jul 20, 2012 3d anatomy tutorial on the shoulder joint using the zygote body browser. Anatomy and biomechanics of the shoulder journal of hand therapy. Editor giovanni di giacomo, italian orthopaedic surgeon and anatomist, who also provided. A patient s guide to shoulder anatomy central orthopedic group. Section content multimedia health education multimedia health education manual table of contents 2. However, the importance should not be understated due to its association with. With 120 degrees of unassisted flexion, the shoulder joint is the most mobile joint in the body. Most shoulder motion occurs at the ballandsocket glenohumeral joint, but for full motion of the shoulder, the acromioclavicular joint must also be functioning normally. The shoulder joint is a ballandsocket joint composed of three bones. To learn more about shoulder joints read more here. Shoulder anatomy shoulder treatment denver rose medical. Shoulder pain and common shoulder problems orthoinfo aaos.
Shoulder anatomy fig 2 aafp evaluation painful shoulder. Bobby masocol md primary care sports medicine fellow steadman. The muscles surrounding the joint undergo reflex spasm in response to pain originating in the joint, which in turn serves to immobilize the joint and thus reduce the pain. The acromioclavicular joint, which is lateral, attaches the clavicle. Anatomy of the shoulder joint this movie is an educational resource only and should not be used to make a decision on shoulder arthroscopy. Due to wide range of movement it is also most unstable joint compared to other joints of the body. The anatomy of the shoulder the shoulder a complex joint the basics. Cyriax 1 describes the primary function of the shoulder as positioning the hand in space. Shoulder arthritis affects the glenohumeral joint that is the joint between the ball.
Webmds shoulder anatomy page provides an image of the parts of the shoulder and describes its function, shoulder problems, and more. This video produced by students at oxford university medical school in conjunction with the faculty demonstrates how to perform an orthopaedic examination of the shoulder joint. This shoulder conditioning program should be continued for 4 to 6 weeks, unless otherwise. Anterior view of the bones and joints of the shoul. The acromioclavicular joint is where the acromion, part of the shoulder blade scapula and the collar bone clavicle meet. Introduction shoulder girdle is formed by scapula and clavicle and humerus upper end. Shoulder oa is a gradual, progressive, mechanical, and biochemical breakdown of the articular cartilage and other joint tissues, including bone and joint capsule. Articles of interest in the management of shoulder arthritis pdf 2. Apr 14, 2020 a second joint in the shoulder is the junction of the collar bone with the shoulder blade, called the acromioclavicular joint. The sterno clavicular sc joint supports the connection of the arms and shoulders to the main skeleton on the front of the chest. Anatomy and physiology the elbow joint is a hinge joint in other words, it can be bent and stretched. Patel, what else can you tell us about the anatomy of the shoulder. Shoulder arthritis is a condition in which the normally smooth cartilage covering the ball and socket of the shoulder joint is lost due to disease wear and tear injury or.
Shoulder girdle permits largest rom of any complex in the body shoulder girdle increases rom with less compromise of stability scapulohumeral rhythm 4 joints vs. All decisions about arthroscopy must be made in conjunction with your surgeon or a licensed healthcare provider. It involves articulation between the glenoid cavity of the scapula shoulder blade and the head of the humerus upper arm bone. Shoulder surgery one stop program questionnaire for out of state patients. This is due to weakness of the anterior structures of the glenohumeral joint. Keeping these muscles strong can relieve shoulder pain and prevent further injury. Anatomy of the shoulder joint journal of orthopaedic.
Clinical anatomy the application of anatomy to clinical practice kinematics. Find shoulder anatomy stock images in hd and millions of other royaltyfree stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the shutterstock collection. Orthopedic injury and prevention anatomy of the shoulder. Injury to the shoulder joint is followed by pain, limitation of movement, and. The only skeletal connection of upper limb to trunk is claviclescapula is connected only through muscular attachments. The acromioclavicular ac joint is where the clavicle meets the acromion.
It is made up of four joints and five groups of bones. Strengthening the muscles that support your shoulder will help keep your shoulder joint stable. A second joint in the shoulder is the junction of the collar bone with the shoulder blade, called the acromioclavicular joint. The shoulder complex has the greatest mo bility of all joints. It is a ballandsocket joint, formed between the glenoid fossa of scapula gleno and the head of humerus humeral acting in conjunction with the pectoral girdle, the shoulder joint allows for a wide range of motion at the upper limb. The acromioclavicular jointconnects the upper part of the shoulder blade the acromion to the collarbone. The authors explore the anatomy of the glenohumeral joint and the surrounding structures that contribute to the function of the joint. From the orthopedic biomechanics laboratory, mayo clinic rochester, the mayo. All decisions about shoulder conditions must be made in conjunction with your surgeon or a licensed healthcare provider. Hart, mpa, ptt the shoulder complex consists of several ana tomical joints and one physiological joint. True it is that the concavity of the glenoid fossa, deepened by the labrum, is a significant stabilizing factor.
The sternoclavicular joint, which attaches the clavicle to the sternum, lies at the medial end of the clavicle. Program director, orthopedic physical therapy, hahnemann uni versity, m. Clavicle collarbone scapula shoulder blade humerus upper arm bone most ball and socket joints are constructed of a large socket into which the ball fits nicely which is a very stable structure. Apr 14, 2020 the shoulder is the most flexible joint in your body, and given the number of everyday activities its involved infrom brushing your hair to reaching up into the cupboardits easy to see why shoulder pain is something youd want to get to the bottom of right away. The shoulder is one of the most sophisticated and complicated joints of the body. Chapter 5 the shoulder joint manual of structural kinesiology r.
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